2-2-12 Ερευνητές ανέλυσαν την εγκεφαλική δραστηριότητα 15 ασθενών που πάσχουν από επιληψία για να διαπιστώσουν πως ακούει ο εγκέφαλός τους μια συνομιλία. Οι ασθενείς -εθελοντές στην έρευνα- υποβλήθηκαν σε χειρουργική επέμβαση εγκεφάλου, κατά τη διάρκειά της, η περιοχή του κροταφικού λοβού των ασθενών συνδέθηκε με 256 ηλεκτρόδια που κατέγραφαν τα μοτίβα των εγκεφαλικών κυμάτων σε οθόνη. Το πείραμα είχε διάρκεια μιας περίπου εβδομάδας, η καταγραφή της εγκεφαλικής τους δραστηριότητας συνέβαινε, ενώ άκουγαν μια συνομιλία 10 λεπτών. Έπειτα τα δεδομένα μοτίβα των εγκεφαλικών κυμάτων, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για να προκύψουν οι ήχοι που άκουσαν οι ασθενείς. Έγινε εστίαση του πειράματος στην άνω κροταφική έλικα του εγκεφάλου των ασθενών που συνδέεται με την ικανότητα αφομοίωσης ακουστικών πληροφοριών.
Από τα μοτίβα των εγκεφαλικών κυμάτων προέκυψαν συγκεκριμένες λέξεις της 10λεπτης συνομιλίας που άκουγαν οι ασθενείς.
Ωστόσο δεν έχει αποδειχθεί πως ο εγκέφαλός μας παράγει το ίδιο μοτίβο εγκεφαλικών κυμάτων όταν ακούμε μια λέξη, με το μοτίβο εγκεφαλικών κυμάτων που παράγεται όταν σκεφτόμαστε να προφέρουμε αυτή τη συγκεκριμένη λέξη…
Από τα μοτίβα των εγκεφαλικών κυμάτων προέκυψαν συγκεκριμένες λέξεις της 10λεπτης συνομιλίας που άκουγαν οι ασθενείς.
Ωστόσο δεν έχει αποδειχθεί πως ο εγκέφαλός μας παράγει το ίδιο μοτίβο εγκεφαλικών κυμάτων όταν ακούμε μια λέξη, με το μοτίβο εγκεφαλικών κυμάτων που παράγεται όταν σκεφτόμαστε να προφέρουμε αυτή τη συγκεκριμένη λέξη…
Πριν από τη χρησιμοποίηση ανθρώπινων πειραματόζωων, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για τον ίδιο σκοπό κουνάβια, γάτες και ποντίκια πειραματόζωα. Πολλές δεκαετίες οι ερευνητές ζητούν απάντηση στο ερώτημα «πως ακούει ο εγκέφαλος» (το ζητούμενο έχει διάφορες μορφές, αναγνώριση ομιλίας, διάβασμα σκέψης, εάν αναγνωρίζουμε περισσότερο κάποιες συλλαβές, φθόγγους ή φωνήεντα κλπ)
χιλιάδες ζώα ταλαιπωρήθηκαν με επώδυνα πειράματα για να διαπιστωθεί πως ακούνε οι άνθρωποι τους ήχους…
σειρά έχουν τα ανθρώπινα πειραματόζωα, αλλά η σκέψη είναι Φως και ακτινοβολία, έχει μεγάλη δύναμη και κύριος υποκινητής της σκέψης είναι η καρδιά, χωρίς αγνά συναισθήματα αγάπης κανένα μεγάλο μυστικό της Δημιουργίας δεν μας αποκαλύπτεται.1 February 2012 Science decodes 'internal voices'By Jason Palmer Science and technology reporter, BBC News
The team monitored the STG brain waves of 15 patients who were undergoing surgery for epilepsy or tumours, while playing audio of a number of different speakers reciting words and sentences.http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16811042
Scientists eavesdrop on the thoughts of humans and ferretsBy Christie Nicholson | January 31, 2012
For the current paper researchers analyzed the brain activity of 15 epilepsy patients. The subjects were undergoing brain surgery and had 256 electrodes monitoring the electrical patterns in the temporal lobe for about a week. Specifically scientists recorded the brain activity while the patients listened to 10 minutes of conversation. They then used the data to reconstruct the sounds the patients had heard.http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/thinking-tech/scientists-eavesdrop-on-the-thoughts-of-humans-and-ferrets/10123
Scientists Decode Brain Waves to Eavesdrop on What We HearAdded: January 31st, 2012 Posted By: Neuroscience NewsNeuroscientists may one day be able to hear the imagined speech of a patient unable to speak due to stroke or paralysis, according to University of California, Berkeley, researchers.
“There is some evidence that hearing the sound and imagining the sound activate similar areas of the brain. If you can understand the relationship well enough between the brain recordings and sound, you could either synthesize the actual sound a person is thinking, or just write out the words with a type of interface device.”
“This is huge for patients who have damage to their speech mechanisms because of a stroke or Lou Gehrig’s disease and can’t speak,” said co-author Robert Knight, a UC Berkeley professor of psychology and neuroscience. “If you could eventually reconstruct imagined conversations from brain activity, thousands of people could benefit.”
Based on earlier work with ferretsThe current research builds on work by other researchers about how animals encode sounds in the brain’s auditory cortex. In fact, some researchers, including the study’s coauthors at the University of Maryland, have been able to guess the words ferrets were read by scientists based on recordings from the brain, even though the ferrets were unable to understand the words.
The ultimate goal of the UC Berkeley study was to explore how the human brain encodes speech and determine which aspects of speech are most important for understanding.
“At some point, the brain has to extract away all that auditory information and just map it onto a word, since we can understand speech and words regardless of how they sound,” Pasley said. “The big question is, What is the most meaningful unit of speech? A syllable, a phone, a phoneme? We can test these hypotheses using the data we get from these recordings.”
The work was done principally in the labs of Robert Knight at UC Berkeley and Edward Chang, a neurosurgeon at UCSF.
Chang and Knight are members of the Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses, a joint UC Berkeley/UCSF group focused on using brain activity to develop neural prostheses for motor and speech disorders in disabling neurological disorders.
The work is supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health and the Humboldt Foundation.
By Robert Sanders – Media Relations – University of California at Berkeley
Source: University of California at Berkeley press release
Image Source: Neuroscience image adapted from image in press release Credit: Adeen Flinker, UC Berkeley.
Original Research: Open Access article “Reconstructing speech from human auditory cortex” in PLoS Biology by Brian N. Pasley, Stephen V. David, Nima Mesgarani, Adeen Flinker, Shihab A. Shamma, Nathan E. Crone, Robert T. Knight & Edward F. Chang in PLoS Biologyhttp://neurosciencenews.com/decode-brain-waves-eavesdrop-auditory-cortex/
χιλιάδες ζώα ταλαιπωρήθηκαν με επώδυνα πειράματα για να διαπιστωθεί πως ακούνε οι άνθρωποι τους ήχους…
σειρά έχουν τα ανθρώπινα πειραματόζωα, αλλά η σκέψη είναι Φως και ακτινοβολία, έχει μεγάλη δύναμη και κύριος υποκινητής της σκέψης είναι η καρδιά, χωρίς αγνά συναισθήματα αγάπης κανένα μεγάλο μυστικό της Δημιουργίας δεν μας αποκαλύπτεται.1 February 2012 Science decodes 'internal voices'By Jason Palmer Science and technology reporter, BBC News
The team monitored the STG brain waves of 15 patients who were undergoing surgery for epilepsy or tumours, while playing audio of a number of different speakers reciting words and sentences.http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16811042
Scientists eavesdrop on the thoughts of humans and ferretsBy Christie Nicholson | January 31, 2012
For the current paper researchers analyzed the brain activity of 15 epilepsy patients. The subjects were undergoing brain surgery and had 256 electrodes monitoring the electrical patterns in the temporal lobe for about a week. Specifically scientists recorded the brain activity while the patients listened to 10 minutes of conversation. They then used the data to reconstruct the sounds the patients had heard.http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/thinking-tech/scientists-eavesdrop-on-the-thoughts-of-humans-and-ferrets/10123
Scientists Decode Brain Waves to Eavesdrop on What We HearAdded: January 31st, 2012 Posted By: Neuroscience NewsNeuroscientists may one day be able to hear the imagined speech of a patient unable to speak due to stroke or paralysis, according to University of California, Berkeley, researchers.
“There is some evidence that hearing the sound and imagining the sound activate similar areas of the brain. If you can understand the relationship well enough between the brain recordings and sound, you could either synthesize the actual sound a person is thinking, or just write out the words with a type of interface device.”
“This is huge for patients who have damage to their speech mechanisms because of a stroke or Lou Gehrig’s disease and can’t speak,” said co-author Robert Knight, a UC Berkeley professor of psychology and neuroscience. “If you could eventually reconstruct imagined conversations from brain activity, thousands of people could benefit.”
Based on earlier work with ferretsThe current research builds on work by other researchers about how animals encode sounds in the brain’s auditory cortex. In fact, some researchers, including the study’s coauthors at the University of Maryland, have been able to guess the words ferrets were read by scientists based on recordings from the brain, even though the ferrets were unable to understand the words.
The ultimate goal of the UC Berkeley study was to explore how the human brain encodes speech and determine which aspects of speech are most important for understanding.
“At some point, the brain has to extract away all that auditory information and just map it onto a word, since we can understand speech and words regardless of how they sound,” Pasley said. “The big question is, What is the most meaningful unit of speech? A syllable, a phone, a phoneme? We can test these hypotheses using the data we get from these recordings.”
The work was done principally in the labs of Robert Knight at UC Berkeley and Edward Chang, a neurosurgeon at UCSF.
Chang and Knight are members of the Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses, a joint UC Berkeley/UCSF group focused on using brain activity to develop neural prostheses for motor and speech disorders in disabling neurological disorders.
The work is supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health and the Humboldt Foundation.
By Robert Sanders – Media Relations – University of California at Berkeley
Source: University of California at Berkeley press release
Image Source: Neuroscience image adapted from image in press release Credit: Adeen Flinker, UC Berkeley.
Original Research: Open Access article “Reconstructing speech from human auditory cortex” in PLoS Biology by Brian N. Pasley, Stephen V. David, Nima Mesgarani, Adeen Flinker, Shihab A. Shamma, Nathan E. Crone, Robert T. Knight & Edward F. Chang in PLoS Biologyhttp://neurosciencenews.com/decode-brain-waves-eavesdrop-auditory-cortex/
σχετικό βίντεοIs this what thoughts sound like? http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9691000/9691703.stm
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